Endnotes
1 Square Enix, Final Fantasy XIII (Shibuya, Japan: Square Enix, 2009).
2 Square, Final Fantasy (Tokyo, Japan: Square, 1987).
3 Yahoo! Groups, “EverQuest Widows™,” 16 June 2000, http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/EverQuest-Widows/.
4 Jesper Juul, “Fear of Failing? The Many Meanings of Difficulty in Video Games,” in The Video Game Theory Reader 2 (New York: Routledge, 2009), 237-238.
5 Atlus, Demon’s Souls (Tokyo, Japan: Sony Computer Entertainment Japan, 2009).
6 Naughty Dog, Uncharted 2: Among Thieves (Foster City, CA: Sony Computer Entertainment America, 2009).
7 Camelot Software Planning, Golden Sun (Kyoto, Japan: Nintendo, 2001).
8 Square, Final Fantasy VI (Tokyo, Japan: Square, 1994).
9 Mistwalker, Lost Odyssey (Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Game Studios, 2007).
10 BioWare, Mass Effect 2 (Redwood City, California: Electronic Arts, 2010).
11 Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harvest Books, 1973), 231.
12 Ian Bogost, Persuasive Games (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2007), 28-29.
13 Simon Ferrari, “The Judgment of Procedural Rhetoric” (Master’s Thesis: Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010), 24-32.
14 Ferrari, “The Judgment of Procedural Rhetoric,” 33-39.
15 Simon Ferrari, “Popping Smoke,” Kill Screen Magazine, 13 January 2011, http://www.killscreenmagazine.com/articles/popping-smoke.
16 Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens (London: Routledge, 2002), 11-12.
17 Winchester Mystery House Staff, . Winchester Mystery House. Winchester Mystery House, LLC, . Web. 3 Dec. 2010. .
18 Francois, Donatien Alphonse, Marquis De Sade. 120 Days of Sodom and Other Writings. Trans. Richard Seaver, Austryn Wainhouse, Simone de Beauvoir, Pierre Klossowski. New York, NY: Grove P, 1994. Print.
19 Double Fine Productions (developer). Psychonauts. San Francisco, CA: Majesco (pub), 2005. Interactive.
20 Rogue Entertainment (developer). American McGee’s Alice. Mesquite, TX: Electronic Arts (pub), 2000. Interactive.
21 Carroll, Lewis. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London, UK: MacMillan, 1865. Print.
22 Carroll, Lewis. Through the Looking-Glass. London, UK: MacMillan, 1871. Print.
23 Ubisoft Divertissements (developer). Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time. Montreal, QB: Ubisoft Entertainment SA (pub), 2003. Interactive.
24 Carroll, Lewis. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.
25 Carroll, Lewis. Through the Looking-Glass.
26 Carroll, Lewis. Through the Looking-Glass.
27 Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. New York, NY: New World Library, 2008. Print.
28 Kieth, Sam. The Maxx. New York, NY: Image Comics, 1993. Print.
29 Aggregate, . American McGee Presents Bad Day L.A. Metacritic.com, 6 Sep. 2006. Web. 4 June 2010. .
30 Released as Indigo Prophecy in the US
31 http://blogs.ign.com/SCE_HeavyRain/2010/02/24/138347/
32 Sapir-Whork hypothesis
33 This analysis considers the Playstation 3 version of the game that does not have Playstation Move support.
34 The scene I will describe may or may not occur depending on earlier events in the game.
35 Michael Abbott, “Bringing Home the Mutt,” The Brainy Gamer, July 3, 2009, last accessed November 29, 2010, http://www.brainygamer.com/the_brainy_gamer/2009/07/majoras-mask.html
36 “Iwata Asks – The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks,” Last accessed November 29, 2010, http://www.nintendo.co.uk/NOE/en_GB/news/iwata/iwata_asks_-_the_legend_o...
37 This number is based on the current difficulty level. See Table 1 “Difficulty Settings” for more details.
38 Elite mode is only available after you’ve complete each level.
39 Visit http://www.stanlepardmusic.com/ for more information on Stan LePard.
40 Players get to revisit Langemarck later in 1917 as German forces move through the village. Visit Wikipedia to read Langemarck’s fate http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langemarck.
41 All times include 30 second loading screen.
42 The game does not indicate this date, but the battle in question can be verified at http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_nonne_bosschen.html
43 Source: http://www.signalstudios.net
44 Source: http://www.signalstudios.net
45 Dan Cook has a great article about the Two Factor Theory as applied to game design. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1992/constructing_artificial_emoti...
46 The Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom was later released for Windows via Steam.
47 Based on the number of players who rate games on Xbox Live, as of writing, Limbo has 49,066 ratings (http://marketplace.xbox.com/en-US/Product/Limbo/66acd000-77fe-1000-9115-...) while The Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom has 4,681 ratings (http://marketplace.xbox.com/en-US/Product/Winterbottom/66acd000-77fe-100... )
48 http://gamesareevil.com/2010/03/pies-philosophy-music-pb-winterbottom/
49 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo#Limbo_in_literature
50 http://kasavin.blogspot.com/2010/08/infernal-logic.html
51 Patch notes can be found quite tidily arranged at http://www.worldofwarcraft.com/patchnotes.
52 Talent trees are the tree structure in which a player can spend talent points earned through experience in the game
53 Death Knights are a class but also—in some ways—a race. As a strange case, we will not be considering them here.
54 Chat channels are different text and voice chat streams that have specific purpose, allowing you to communicate with certain people or groups of people depending on the channels you and they are signed in on
55 “Pots” is short for potions, and “mats” is short for materials, such as herbs and cloths.
56 “Wipe” is short for wipeout, which is to cause the entire group of players to be killed.
57 A newbie or novice.
58 The Leeroy Jenkins video can be found at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkCNJRfSZBU.
59 This is only in comparison to a piece of digital media. Readings of print media can suffer from a shifting point of reference, such as multiple editions and translations of the same material; however, the variability is not implicitly (and explicitly) built into the work, as it is in digital
media.